Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2023) |
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
943 BC–716 BC | |||||||||||||
![]() Pendant bearing the cartouche of Osorkon II seated Osiris flanked by Horus and Isis | |||||||||||||
Capital | Bubastis, Tanis | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Amazigh language (Ethnic)
Egyptian language (Official) | ||||||||||||
Religion | Traditional Berber religion (Ethnic)
Ancient Egyptian Religion (Official) | ||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Third Intermediate Period of Egypt | ||||||||||||
• Established | 943 BC | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 716 BC | ||||||||||||
|
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt |
---|
All years are BC |
The Twenty-second Dynasty was an Ancient Egyptian dynasty of Amazigh origin founded by Shoshenq I.[1] It is also known as the Bubastite Dynasty, since the pharaohs originally ruled from the city of Bubastis.[2]
The Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group designation of the Third Intermediate Period.
Rulers
[edit]The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were a series of Meshwesh (ancient Libyan[a] tribe) chieftains, who ruled from c. 943 BC until 716 BC. They had settled in Egypt since the Twentieth Dynasty and were known in Egypt as the 'Great Chiefs of the Ma' (Ma being a synonym of Meshwesh). Manetho states that this Egyptianized ancient Libyan dynasty first ruled over Bubastis, but its rulers almost certainly governed from Tanis, which was their capital and the city where their tombs have been excavated.
Another pharaoh who belongs to this group is Tutkheperre Shoshenq. His period of rule within this dynasty is currently uncertain, although he is now thought to have governed Egypt early in the 9th century BC for a short time between Osorkon I and Takelot I. The next ruler at Tanis after Shoshenq V was Osorkon IV. This pharaoh is sometimes not believed to be a member of the 22nd Dynasty since he only controlled a small portion of Lower Egypt together with Tefnakhte of Sais, whose authority was recognised at Memphis—and Iuput II of Leontopolis.
Pharaohs
[edit]The known rulers during the Twenty-second Dynasty include:
Pharaoh | Image | Prenomen (Throne name) | Horus-name | Reign | Consort(s) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoshenq I | Hedjkheperre-Setepenre | Kanakhtmeryre Sekhaefemnesuersematawy | 943–922 BC | Patareshnes Karomama A |
Possibly to be identified with the biblical Shishak | |
Osorkon I | Sekhemkheperre-Setepenre | Kanakhtmeryre Redjensuitemuhernesetefergeregtawy | 922–887 BC | Maatkare B Tashedkhonsu Shepensopdet A |
||
Shoshenq II | Heqakheperre-Setepenre | (unknown) | 887–885 BC | Nesitanebetashru Nesitaudjatakhet |
Enjoyed an independent reign of two years at Tanis according to Von Beckerath | |
Takelot I | Hedjkheperre-Setepenre | (unknown) | 885–872 BC | Kapes | ||
Osorkon II | Usermaatre-Setepenamun | Kanakhtmerymaat | 872–837 BC | Isetemkheb G Karomama B Djedmutesankh |
Possibly one of the twelve kings who formed an alliance to fight Shalmaneser III of Assyria at the battle of Qarqar in 853 BC.[5] | |
Shoshenq III | Usermaatre-Setepenre | Kanakhtmesutre | 837–798 BC | Tadibast II Tentamenopet Djedbastiusankh |
||
Shoshenq IV | Hedjkheperre-Setepenre | (unknown) | 798–785 BC | Not to be confused with Shoshenq VI; the original Shoshenq IV in publications before 1993 | ||
Pami | Usermaatre-Setepenamun | (unknown) | 785–778 BC | Buried two Apis bulls in his reign | ||
Shoshenq V | Akheperre | Userpehty | 767–730 BC | Tadibast III? | Successor of Shoshenq V was often stated as Osorkon IV;some say it is Pedubast II | |
Pedubast II | Sehetepibenre | (unknown) | 743–733 BC | Tadibast III? | Not mentioned in all Pharaoh lists, placement disputed | |
Osorkon IV | Usermaatre | (unknown) | 730–716 BC | Not always listed as a true member of the XXII Dynasty, but succeeded Shoshenq V at Tanis. Perhaps the biblical Pharaoh So (2 Kings 17:4). |
Twenty-Third Dynasty
The so-called Twenty-Third Dynasty was an offshoot of this dynasty perhaps based in Upper Egypt, though there is much debate concerning this issue. All of its kings reigned in Middle and Upper Egypt including the Western Desert Oases.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ The Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt's Third Intermediate Period. Society of Biblical Lit. 2009. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-58983-174-2.
- ^ "The geographic origins of the Bubastite Dynasty and possible locations for the royal residence and burial place of Shoshenq I"
- ^ "Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt Vol. 46(2010)". American Research Center in Egypt. 2010: 170.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Journal of Egyptian History 11 (2018)". Brill. 2018: 147.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Grayson, A. Kirk (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (RIMA 3). p. Shalmaneser III 2: ii92.
- Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
- 10th-century BC establishments in Egypt
- 8th-century BC disestablishments in Egypt
- 9th century BC in Egypt
- Ancient Libya
- Berbers in Egypt
- Dynasties of ancient Egypt
- Nile Delta
- States and territories disestablished in the 8th century BC
- States and territories established in the 10th century BC
- Tanis